DISCOVERY, OCCURRENCE, AND SYNTHESIS OF THE ACTINIDES A. However, owing to wide current use, “actinide” is still allowed. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the name actinoid is preferable to actinide because the ending “-ide” normally indicates a negative ion. P1: FYK Revised Pages Encyclopedia of Physical Science and TechnologyĪtomic number 89) is usually included in discussions about the actinides. Although not formally an actinide element, actinium (Ac The actinides constitute a unique series of elements which are formed by the progressive filling of the 5 f electron shell. THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS (actinoids) comprise the 14 elements with atomic numbers 90–103, which follow actinium in the periodic table: thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No), and lawrencium (Lr). At present, bohrium (Bh), element 107, is the heaviest element which has been characterized chemically chemical studies of element 108, hassium (Hs), and element 112 are in preparation. The heaviest elements, synthesized until now, are the elements 114, 116, and 118. Transactinide elements Artificial elements beyond the actinide elements, beginning with rutherfordium (Rf), element 104. Speciation Characterization of physical and chemical states of (actinide) species in a given (chemical) environment. Radioactivity The property of certain nuclides of showing radioactive decay in which particles or γ radiation are emitted or the nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission. Primordial radionuclides Nuclides which were produced during element evolution and which have partly survived since then due to their long halflives. Nuclide A species of atom characterized by its mass number, atomic number, and nuclear energy state. Nuclear fission The division of a nucleus into two or more parts, usually accompanied by the emission of neutrons and γ radiation. Lanthanides Fourteen elements with atomic numbers 58 (cerium) to 71 (lutetium) that are a result of filling the 4 f orbitals with electrons. Decay chain A series of nuclides in which each member transforms into the next through nuclear decay until a stable nuclide has been formed. GLOSSARY 2+ Actinyl ion Dioxo actinide cations MO+ 2 and MO2. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions of Actinides III. Discovery, Occurrence, and Synthesis of the Actinides II. Pages 513-550 Pages 303-317 Pages 463-492 Pages 449-461 Pages 671-695 Pages 1-22Īctinide Elements Siegfried Hubener ¨ Forschungszentrum Rossendorf Henze (Chemistry) Rare Earth Elements Zhiping Zheng and John E. Noble Metals Cihonski (Chemistry) Noble-Gas Chemistry Metal Particles and Cluster Compounds Klabunde Nano sized Inorganic Leroy Cronin, Achim Müller and Dieter Fenske Clusters Hubert Schmidbaur and John L. Main Group Elements Mesoporous Materials, Synthesis Metal Cluster Chemistry Inclusion (Clathrate) Compounds Inorganic Exotic Molecules Table of Contents (Subject Area: Inorganic Chemistry) Articleīrian T. The NIST Chemistry WebBook (see link below) is an online resource that contains standard enthalpy of formation for various compounds along with the standard absolute entropy for these compounds from which the standard Gibbs free energy of formation can be calculated.Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology Far more extensive tables can be found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the NIST JANAF tables. The table below lists the standard Gibbs function of formation for several elements and chemical compounds and is taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation ( G f°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 ☌).
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